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Neutron scattering explains why gluten-free pasta falls apart (2025)

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The science of spaghetti: Neutron scattering explains why gluten-free pasta falls apart

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September 8, 2025

The science of spaghetti: Neutron scattering explains why gluten-free pasta falls apart

by Diamond Light Source

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Credit: Food Hydrocolloids (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2025.111855

Using small angle neutron and X-ray scattering, researchers from the European Spallation Source and RWTH Aachen University have compared the nanostructure of gluten-free and normal spaghetti, finding that the kind with gluten is much more forgiving to varied cooking conditions.

Andrea Scotti from RWTH Aachen University, Judith Houston from the European Spallation Source (ESS) have worked with Nathan Cowieson from Diamond's B21 beamline and Greg Smith from ISIS as well as collaborators from the Institut Laue Langevin to study the nanostructure of spaghetti. More specifically, they were looking at the different structures created by gluten-free spaghetti, in comparison to gluten-containing spaghetti. The study is published in the journal Food Hydrocolloids.
Normal pasta is made up mostly of starch and gluten. Starch forms ball-like structures that expand when the pasta is boiled. Gluten, however, is more of a stringy mesh. It tangles around the balls of starch, preventing them from falling to pieces upon expansion. Gluten-free options need to overcome this problem through other means. Currently, these tend to leave the pasta with a strange chewy texture, for a generally less appealing experience in comparison to gluten-containing options.
Aiming to improve this mouthfeel, these researchers used small angle scattering to investigate the nanostructure of spaghetti. Their X-ray experiments involved comparing spaghetti when it was raw, boiled for a variety of cooking times, and boiled with salt.

They also saw that salt not only affects the taste, but also the structural integrity. Adding salt preserved the structure of the spaghetti, but only when used at the right concentration, and if the pasta was cooked for the right length of time.
For their neutron experiments, the researchers cooked the spaghetti in D2O in one of the ISIS labs, slicing the spaghetti into tiny pieces before it was loaded into the sample chamber. By using different mixtures of H2O and D2O, they could make samples that each highlighted a different component of interest, with others appearing invisible to the neutron beam. This meant they could separate the effect of cooking on the starches and the gluten.
They found that the starch granules swell upon cooking and tend to disperse, whereas the gluten proteins become insoluble and coagulate into a network. This has the effect of trapping the starch and retaining the structure of the pasta.
In the gluten-free spaghetti, this network is missing, which means the starch granules can over-swell. This is why gluten-free pasta can fall apart or become sticky during cooking, especially if cooked for longer than the manufacturer's instructions.
The researchers plan to continue their work, using small angle neutron and X-ray experiments to study pasta varieties of different shapes and manufacturing conditions, as well as replicating what happens to the pasta once it's inside the stomach and seeing what effect that has on the structure.

More information
J.E. Houston et al, A small-angle scattering structural characterization of regular versus gluten-free spaghetti, Food Hydrocolloids (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2025.111855

Key concepts
Neutron techniquesX-ray techniques

Provided by
Diamond Light Source

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The science of spaghetti: Neutron scattering explains why gluten-free pasta falls apart (2025, September 8)
retrieved 22 May 2026
from https://phys.org/news/2025-09-science-spaghetti-neutron-gluten-free.html

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Small angle neutron and X-ray scattering reveal that gluten in pasta forms a network that traps swollen starch granules during cooking, maintaining structural integrity. Gluten-free pasta lacks this network, causing starch granules to over-swell and the pasta to fall apart or become sticky, especially with prolonged cooking. Salt can help preserve structure, but only at optimal concentrations and cooking times.

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Researchers from the European Spallation Source and RWTH Aachen University, collaborating with others, utilized small angle neutron and X-ray scattering techniques to investigate the nanostructure differences between gluten-free and conventional spaghetti. The study aimed to explain why gluten-free pasta tends to disintegrate under varying cooking conditions compared to gluten-containing pasta. In conventional pasta, the structure is maintained by the interaction between starch and gluten; starch forms expandable, ball-like structures, while gluten forms a stringy mesh that tangles around these starch balls, thereby preventing the starch from falling apart when heated and expanded. Gluten-free alternatives lack this gluten network, which allows the starch granules to over-swell, resulting in the pasta becoming sticky or falling apart, particularly when cooked for extended periods.

The experimental methodology involved comparing the structure of spaghetti across different stages—raw, boiled for various times, and boiled with salt—using both X-ray and neutron scattering. To effectively isolate the effects of starch and gluten, the team experimented with mixtures of hydrogen oxide and heavy water deuterium oxide, allowing them to selectively observe the behavior of different molecular components. The neutron experiments, conducted in D2O, further demonstrated the distinct behaviors of the components during cooking. Specifically, the starch granules were observed to swell and disperse upon heating, whereas the gluten proteins coagulated to form a dense network that effectively trapped the starch, thus preserving the pasta's structural integrity.

The research also examined the role of salt, finding that it influences structural integrity; salt can preserve the pasta's structure, but this effect is contingent upon using the correct concentration and cooking duration. The findings suggest that the structural stability of pasta is fundamentally dependent on the architecture provided by the gluten network interacting with the expanded starch matrix. Future research plans by the team involve expanding these investigations to study the structural variations in pasta shapes and manufacturing processes, as well as examining the structural effects experienced by the pasta once consumed in the stomach.