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KnowledgeDeliver flaw exploited as a zero-day to install web shells

Recorded: May 26, 2026, 9 p.m.

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KnowledgeDeliver flaw exploited as a zero-day to install web shells

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HomeNewsSecurityKnowledgeDeliver flaw exploited as a zero-day to install web shells

KnowledgeDeliver flaw exploited as a zero-day to install web shells

By Ionut Ilascu

May 26, 2026
04:07 PM
0

Hackers exploited a critical zero-day vulnerability in a server running the KnowledgeDeliver learning management system (LMS) to deploy the Godzilla web shell.
The flaw is a deserialization issue tracked as CVE-2026-5426 and can be exploited without authentication. It stems from the use of a shared hardcoded machine key in the web portal configuration across all KnowledgeDeliver customer deployments.
ViewState deserialization
Threat actors obtained the machine key and used it in ViewState deserialization attacks to sign malicious ViewState payloads and achieve remote code execution at the operating system level.
Mandiant in late 2025 responded to an attack on a KnowledgeDeliver server and says that initially, the vulnerability was exploited as a zero-day to inject a malicious script into the web platform.
Exploitation was possible due to the use of “identical pre-shared ASP.NET machine keys across multiple customer deployments,” the researchers said.
“KnowledgeDeliver installations deployed before Feb. 24, 2026 relied on a standardized web.config file provided by the vendor. This configuration file contained hardcoded machineKey values used by the ASP.NET framework to encrypt and sign data, including ViewState payloads,” Mandiant explains.
According to the researchers, the malicious code on the platform “convinced users to download a fake installer,” which led to the machine getting infected with a Cobalt Strike beacon, essentially planting a backdoor.
“The payload was encrypted using a key that used the name of the compromised organization, which indicated that the threat actor prepared this payload specifically for the targeted organization,” Mandiant says in a report today.
Godzilla web shell delivery
Mandiant says the threat actor deployed the .NET-based in-memory web shell, Godzilla (a.k.a. BlueBeam), which has also been used in similar attacks observed by Microsoft in late 2024.
In August 2024, researchers at cybersecurity company ASEC had also reported that Godzilla was being deployed in ASP.NET environments in ViewState deserialization attacks targeting companies in the financial sector.
Mandiant notes that the threat actor compromising KnowledgeDeliver instances executed commands to escalate their control over the web server's file system.
This allowed them to modify an application JavaScript file with code that prompted users to install a “security authentication plugin” and to load a malicious script from a domain under the attacker’s control.
Over the past year, hackers have used improperly secured machine keys in ViewState deserialization attacks targeting web platforms for various products.
In March last year, threat actors abused a hardcoded machine key to craft a malicious payload that allowed access to Gladinet CentreStack's secure file-sharing servers.
In July 2025, hackers compromised 85 Microsoft SharePoint servers after stealing the machine key to create signed malicious ViewState payloads.
State-sponsored actors also used ViewState deserialization attacks to deploy a reconnaissance tool named WeepSteel on Sitecore servers that exposed the ASP.NET machine key.

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0Day
ASP.NET
Godzilla
KnowledgeDeliver
RCE
Remote Code Execution
ViewState
Zero-Day

Ionut Ilascu
Ionut Ilascu is a technology writer with a focus on all things cybersecurity. The topics he writes about include malware, vulnerabilities, exploits and security defenses, as well as research and innovation in information security. His work has been published by Bitdefender, Netgear, The Security Ledger and Softpedia.

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Hackers exploited a zero-day vulnerability within the KnowledgeDeliver learning management system to deploy the Godzilla web shell. This vulnerability, tracked as CVE-2026-5426, arises from a deserialization issue that allows exploitation without requiring authentication. The root cause of the vulnerability lies in the use of identical, hardcoded machine keys shared across multiple KnowledgeDeliver customer deployments, as detailed by Mandiant. These machine keys were used by the ASP.NET framework to encrypt and sign data, including ViewState payloads.

Threat actors leveraged this flaw by obtaining the machine key and employing ViewState deserialization attacks to sign malicious ViewState payloads, thereby achieving remote code execution at the operating system level. Mandiant reported that the initial attack involved injecting a malicious script into the web platform. The malicious code successfully tricked users into downloading a fake installer, which subsequently infected the compromised machine with a Cobalt Strike beacon, effectively establishing a backdoor. The payload used for encryption incorporated the name of the compromised organization, indicating that the threat actor tailored the payload specifically for the targeted entity.

The deployed offensive tool was the .NET-based, in-memory web shell known as Godzilla (also referred to as BlueBeam), a tool that has been observed in similar attacks against ASP.NET environments by Microsoft in late 2024 and by researchers at ASEC targeting the financial sector in August 2024. Upon compromising the KnowledgeDeliver instances, the threat actors were able to execute commands that escalated their control over the web server's file system. This access permitted modifications to an application JavaScript file, which initiated the installation of a security authentication plugin and loaded a malicious script from a domain controlled by the attacker.

The incident highlights a broader pattern where threat actors have repeatedly exploited improperly secured machine keys in ViewState deserialization attacks against various web platforms. For instance, in previous events, attackers have leveraged hardcoded machine keys to gain access to secure file-sharing servers, such as Gladinet CentreStack, and have compromised Microsoft SharePoint servers by stealing these keys to generate signed malicious ViewState payloads. State-sponsored actors have also utilized ViewState deserialization attacks to deploy reconnaissance tools like WeepSteel on Sitecore servers by exposing the ASP.NET machine key.

In the context of security validation, automated pentesting tools are valuable because they can determine network traversal capabilities, but they are limited because they focus narrowly on whether an attacker can move through the network rather than validating critical security controls. To provide comprehensive security assurance, organizations must validate six essential surfaces beyond network movement, including whether controls block threats, whether detection rules trigger, and the configuration of cloud settings.