Indoor Wi-Fi Roaming with OpenWRT - Tao of Mac

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Rui Carmo

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May 26th 2026 · 6 min read
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#cudy
#hardware
#homelab
#networking
#openwrt
#usteer
#wifi

Indoor Wi-Fi Roaming with OpenWRT

A few months after writing up the Cudy AX3000 units and moving the house over to OpenWRT, I ended up revisiting the one bit I had deliberately waved away as “good enough”: roaming.
A real house, with a mix of phones, tablets, laptops and a few stubborn IoT things that insist on staying in 2016, has… issues. But they’re not always obvious, and given we’d both upgraded the 5GHz band and changed the locations of the access points, it took a while to figure out where the new rough spots were.

If you’re just tuning in, I have a hard split between a legacy 2.4GHz network and the modern 5GHz one. I already had client-managed roaming and basic handoff guidance, but now I added usteer, 802.11k neighbour reports (because hostapd was not cooperating), and things are now pretty much perfect.

The long version is below, with anonymised data and enough detail for future me to remember why I did this.
Why I Did Not Merge The SSIDsThe obvious advice for roaming is “use one SSID everywhere”, and that is often correct if you’re running Wi-Fi in an office, a public venue, or generally somewhere where you don’t have (or care about) legacy devices. It is also not what I did, because the 2.4GHz side needs to remain friendly to older and slightly terrible IoT devices, which means WPA2 compatibility and a conservative setup.
The 5GHz side is where the more modern clients live, and despite losing 5GHz access for a couple of things, I was happy to move it to WPA3. So this is what things look like from a high level:

2.4GHz: legacy-compatible WPA2-ish network for IoT and old clients.
5GHz: modern client network with WPA3/SAE
2.5GbE backhaul across four “dumb” APs
Zero cloud management or vendor-specific software. Nada. Zilch. Non-negotiable.

User FeedbackHowever, I got a few complaints that when moving about the house, iPhones, iPads and MacBooks would not switch to another AP. Since our flat is wrapped around a couple of elevator shafts and there are a few spots (like the kitchen) where tiling, pipes and tiny RF nuisances like fridges were prevalent, that sort of tended to happen a lot–and Apple devices are notorious for being opinionated about that base station they want to stick to.
The baseline seemed fine. All four APs had 802.11r/k/v-related options enabled. Fast Transition was also demonstrably happening–the AP logs had auth_alg=ft entries that showed fast transition was happening, I had installed wpad-mbedtls for “mesh” support, but roaming clearly needed to be improved.
And my setup meant it had to be improved within each band/SSID, not across bands. Cross-band roaming is the client’s job, and many clients are not especially good at it.
Adding usteerBut two things stood out:

There was no steering daemon installed. Clients were making all roaming decisions on their own, which usually means they hang on to a far-away AP until their signal is frankly embarrassing.
rrm_nr_list was empty on every radio. In other words, even though 802.11k was enabled, hostapd was not exposing neighbour reports to clients, so… no real way to steer anything.

So I installed usteer and its LuCI companion package on all four APs, enabled it, and left the initial configuration at defaults:
opkg update
opkg install usteer luci-app-usteer
/etc/init.d/usteer enable
/etc/init.d/usteer restart

The default configuration is minimal: LAN gossip, syslog enabled, IPv6 disabled for the daemon (because, for reasons, I don’t trust our current ISP router to do anything reliably except act as an ONT), and a moderate debug level. That was enough for all APs to see one another and exchange client data, which is exactly what I wanted.
However, the 802.11k neighbour list wasn’t being populated. After poking through the OpenWRT forums, I realized the missing piece was static-neighbor-reports, which is one of those tiny OpenWRT packages that does exactly what it says and nothing more.
Each AP can generate its own 802.11k neighbour report element via:
ubus call hostapd.<iface> rrm_nr_get_own

But clients only get useful neighbour lists if each AP is told about the other APs. So I generated per-band lists and installed them per AP:
opkg install static-neighbor-reports
/etc/init.d/static-neighbor-reports enable
/etc/init.d/static-neighbor-reports restart

The important detail is that the reports are band-specific: 2.4GHz radios only advertise 2.4GHz peers, and 5GHz radios only advertise 5GHz peers. No cross-band mixing, because the two networks intentionally have different SSIDs and security settings.
After that, every AP had three neighbours per radio, usteer had AP/client state, and hostapd has explicit 802.11k neighbour data to hand to clients that ask for it.
What ChangedThe first comparison is a little boring, but useful. Here is the 2.4GHz SNR before and after the change (this, like the other charts here, was generated from Graphite data):
2.4GHz SNR over the week
2.4GHz SNR: pre-rollout vs latest
There is no miracle here. 2.4GHz remains 2.4GHz–crowded, noisy, full of junk devices and crowded by all my neighbors. Two of the APs improved or stayed roughly level, two got worse in the sampling window, and I have zero expectations about ever clearing this kind of congestion without moving to the countryside.
The 5GHz side is more encouraging, even if you do need to know when we were near which AP at what time when you look at active bitrates:
5GHz bitrate over the week
The interesting part, though, is that at least between two APs, there was a noticeable shift in usage–which seems to reflect where clients should be registered in practice:
5GHz bitrate: pre-rollout vs latest
But the best sanity check is the sticky-client view, because that is what started this in the first place:
Sticky-client check
The number of merely weak clients did not disappear–one extra client fell below -75dBm in the later sample–but the very weak clients went away. That is the bit I care about: the previous -90dBm-ish sticky associations were gone in the later check, which seems to indicate clients are not getting hung up on their previous AP and are indeed roaming.
CaveatsA single sample is not science, and Wi-Fi is a swamp of client decisions, radio noise and domestic entropy. I also saw one new Fast Transition log entry after the rollout:
FT: Missing required pairwise in pull response from a peer AP

That happened once in the latest check. It is not enough to call the setup broken, but it is worth watching–especially because SAE and FT have enough moving parts that I would rather trust logs than assumptions.
Going ForwardI will be keeping an eye on this over the next few weeks… somehow. I got an LLM to do the Graphite queries and chart scripting for me, and ain’t nobody got time to build dashboards only I would look at, but the metrics aren’t going to go away and the stable config lives in my local Gitea instance now, so there’s really no excuse not to do a spot check in a few months.
But I really like my Cudy APs. No cloud controller, no meshing, no mobile app and no secret sauce. Just OpenWRT, collectd/Graphite, and the odd ssh session to check configs.
That is still the main thing I like about this setup: when it gets weird, it gets weird in ways I can inspect.

← Notes for May 17-24

Mildly Parboiled →

This page is referenced in:

Mildly Parboiled • May 28th 2026

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The author investigated issues with indoor Wi-Fi roaming within an OpenWRT environment, focusing on improving the client experience across a network comprising multiple access points. The initial setup prioritized compatibility by maintaining separate network segments: the 2.4GHz band was configured for legacy compatibility, supporting older IoT devices with WPA2-compatible settings, while the 5GHz band was utilized with WPA3 security for modern clients. This separation was deliberate, avoiding a single SSID approach to accommodate the diverse needs of legacy and modern devices.

Although the network utilized 802.11r/k/v options and Fast Transition was active, client roaming experienced difficulties, particularly with Apple devices adhering to opinionated base station preferences, exacerbated by physical obstructions in the environment. The author determined that the performance issues stemmed from a lack of centralized steering mechanisms, as clients were making independent roaming decisions. To address this, the author implemented the usteer daemon and its companion package on all access points to introduce intelligent roaming management.

The core technical challenge involved ensuring that the access points could effectively share neighbor information with clients. The initial configuration of usteer did not populate the necessary 802.11k neighbour lists, despite 802.11k being enabled on the hardware. To rectify this, the author installed the static-neighbor-reports package on each access point. This modification ensured that each radio advertised only its own band-specific peer reports, meaning 2.4GHz radios only advertised 2.4GHz peers, and 5GHz radios only advertised 5GHz peers, thereby preventing problematic cross-band mixing.

This configuration, combined with the usteer implementation, enabled every access point to provide explicit 802.11k neighbour data to clients requesting it. The resulting setup provided AP/client state tracking via usteer and explicit 802.11k information from hostapd. While the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in the 2.4GHz band remained congested due to pervasive domestic RF noise, the 5GHz band showed more encouraging improvements. Analysis of bitrates between access points indicated a noticeable shift in client usage, suggesting that clients were correctly registering with the most appropriate local APs. Furthermore, the sticky-client check confirmed successful roaming, as the association history of weak clients that previously clung to distant access points was eliminated, indicating effective handover. Although a single instance of a Fast Transition error was observed during the rollout, the overall approach demonstrated that explicit management of neighbor reports, segmented by frequency band, significantly enhanced the roaming behavior within the OpenWRT setup.