How a new extraction process could unlock the world’s lithium | MIT Technology Review

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Skip to ContentMIT Technology ReviewFeaturedTopicsNewslettersEventsAudioMIT Technology ReviewFeaturedTopicsNewslettersEventsAudioClimate change and energyHow a new extraction process could unlock the world’s lithiumStartup Rock Zero is commercializing the research, which could cut costs and carbon emissions from lithium production.
By Casey Crownhartarchive pageMay 28, 2026Greenbushes Lithium Operations in Australia is the largest hard-rock lithium mine in the world.Adobe Stock Researchers say they’ve found a new way to extract lithium, a crucial metal used in the lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles and energy storage arrays. This new technique could be more environmentally friendly and cheaper than existing ones.  The research was published today in Science, and a startup called Rock Zero is working to commercialize the process. “At scale, we believe this will be the lowest-cost way of sourcing lithium in the world,” says Yet-Ming Chiang, one of the study authors, who is an MIT professor and a serial entrepreneur behind climate tech companies including Form Energy and Addis Energy. The most economical way to get lithium currently is to extract it from brine, salty water that’s pulled the metal out of rock over the course of millennia. But this technique is geographically limited and currently requires vast tracts of land for massive evaporation pools. The more common tactic is hard-rock mining, where large bodies of ore are blasted apart, cooked at high temperatures, and processed using dangerous chemicals.
The researchers’ new method uses a weak acid to dissolve typically nonreactive silicate minerals. That frees not only the lithium but also other useful materials, including alumina and silica. The origin story for this research, and the resulting company, came from another startup founded by Chiang, Sublime Systems, which makes cement using electrochemistry.
The team was trying to find a source of highly reactive silica in order to form stronger cement. One way to make reactive materials, which can bond easily with other materials, is to take a nonreactive material, dissolve it, and then allow it to become solid in a more reactive form. It’s not impossible to dissolve silicates, but the best-known way is to use hydrofluoric acid, an extremely dangerous chemical. Other fluorine-containing chemicals are candidates too, but some will produce hydrofluoric acid as a side product during reactions.  Chiang drew inspiration from a previous home renovation project involving glass, which is made of silica. “I was remodeling a shower in Framingham, Massachusetts, about 25 years ago,” he says. “So when we started this project, I remembered that glass etching cream and thought, ‘What’s in that?’”  The glass etching cream he remembered, which can be found on shelves at any craft or home improvement store, uses ammonium fluoride, a weak acid. And the MIT researchers discovered that in the right conditions, it can effectively dissolve silicate minerals without producing hydrofluoric acid in the process. This chemistry could be useful for any silicate minerals—and there are a lot of them. But spodumene, the mineral that’s often mined for lithium, became a prime first target. (Chiang says a suggestion from Doug Wicks, one of the company’s advisors and a former ARPA-E official, pointed the team in spodumene’s direction.) From left to right: spodumene, silica, alumina and lithium salts.ROCK ZERO Today, a key step in processing spodumene ore is to roast it in a kiln at super-high temperatures. This causes a phase transformation, essentially puffing up the material and making the lithium more accessible. By avoiding the need to reach these temperatures, you could save on energy costs and potentially reduce carbon emissions as well, says Camden Hunt, one of the authors of the study and the CEO and cofounder of Rock Zero. Avoiding the kiln could also unlock the ability to use some ores that can’t be roasted properly, Hunt adds. Ore that contains too much iron won’t go through the phase change correctly, instead melting and turning into a glassy material. The new process relies on simple stirred plastic tanks and takes place at temperatures up to about 95 °C (200 °F). The ammonium fluoride dissolves the silicates, which in earlier experiments allowed nearly all of the lithium inside the spodumene ore to be extracted within a couple of days. The researchers have since cut this time to under 12 hours, says Benjamin Mowbray, first author of the study and the CTO and cofounder of Rock Zero.  

The products (after some additional steps to clean them up) are lithium carbonate, which can be used to make batteries; alumina, which can go into a smelter to make aluminum; and cementitious silica, which can be added into concrete. And the acid can be reused in the same loop. Chiang calls this “nose-to-tail” mining—using every part of the ore provided, like eating every part of a butchered animal. Related StoryThis company is planning a lithium empire from the shores of the Great Salt LakeRead next The researchers are currently working to scale and optimize the process. The tanks in the lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts can handle three kilograms of spodumene concentrate in each batch.  They have also estimated the cost of this process once fully scaled up. Assuming that the ammonium fluoride can be recycled at a high level, they should be able to extract lithium for less than $6,000 per metric ton. (They’ve identified a potential cheap industrial source of the acid as well, as an alternative to recycling it.)  The total cost is projected to be lower than that of other processes used to extract lithium from hard-rock ore today, and it could be competitive with brine. The team has designed a pilot plant and is looking for space to build it. The plan is to have construction done by the end of 2026 and start operating the facility in 2027. Talks are underway with potential partners in the mining industry. One difficulty for new players in lithium extraction is the volatility of the market: Prices have seen huge swings in recent years, from a peak in 2022 to lows in late 2024 and a slow climb starting in early 2026.  Rising prices might benefit new players like Rock Zero, but there are many projects that could come online if prices continue to rise, and that could bring the market right back down, says Simon Jowitt, chair of exploration geology at the University of Nevada, Reno. “People are waiting to see what happens with the lithium price,” he says. “It’s a crowded market, and there’s some big players out there.” And even though batteries are driving up demand for lithium, the market is still relatively small, Jowitt adds: “That means it’s going to be volatile.” New lithium extraction technologies like Rock Zero’s will have to compete with methods used by existing giants, and there’s also the potential that technological alternatives, like sodium-ion batteries that don’t need lithium, could make the market more difficult to navigate, Jowitt says. He also thinks some of the company’s economic estimates could be optimistic. For its part, Rock Zero’s team hopes not only to scale this technology for lithium, but to use it for other minerals in the future. As Mowbray says, “The Earth’s crust is made of silicates.” by Casey CrownhartShareShare story on linkedinShare story on facebookShare story on emailPopularWant to understand the current state of AI? Check out these charts.Michelle Kim10 Things That Matter in AI Right NowAmy NordrumInside the stealthy startup that pitched brainless human clonesAntonio RegaladoMusk v. Altman week 1: Elon Musk says he was duped, warns AI could kill us all, and admits that xAI distills OpenAI’s modelsMichelle KimDeep DiveClimate change and energyThe balcony solar boom is coming to the USPlug-in panels are getting popular—how do we make sure they’re safe?
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Researchers have developed a novel extraction process for lithium from hard-rock ores that aims to reduce costs and environmental impact compared to existing methods. This technique leverages chemistry to dissolve typically nonreactive silicate minerals, which releases lithium along with other valuable materials such as alumina and silica (Crownhart). The method draws inspiration from the use of weak acids, specifically ammonium fluoride, which allows for the dissolution of silicates without producing highly dangerous substances like hydrofluoric acid, a consideration inspired by historical applications like glass etching creams.

The research focused on spodumene, a mineral often mined for lithium, which is typically processed through high-temperature roasting in a kiln. This traditional method is energy-intensive and results in a phase transformation of the material. The new process avoids this high-temperature roasting, operating at temperatures as low as 95 degrees Celsius, thereby significantly reducing energy consumption and potential carbon emissions. This temperature avoidance also offers the potential to process ores that cannot withstand traditional roasting, such as those with high iron content. The process involves dissolving the silicates using the weak acid, allowing lithium to be extracted more easily and rapidly. In initial experiments, this process enabled the extraction of nearly all the lithium within the spodumene ore in under twelve hours.

The process is designed to be cyclical, embodying a "nose-to-tail" mining philosophy by recovering multiple products from the ore, including lithium carbonate for batteries, alumina for aluminum smelting, and cementitious silica for concrete, with the acid being designed for reuse in the loop. This integration of material recovery is central to the proposed efficiency of the technique.

The commercialization of this process is being addressed by the startup Rock Zero. The team estimates that once fully scaled up, assuming high-level recycling of the acid, the extraction cost could be less than six thousand dollars per metric ton of lithium, making it potentially competitive with brine extraction methods. The development team is currently working to optimize the process and scale the technology; laboratory tanks are capable of processing three kilograms of spodumene concentrate per batch. The plan involves constructing a pilot plant by the end of 2026 to begin commercial operation in 2027, seeking partnerships within the mining industry.

Despite the promising technological advancements, the market for lithium remains volatile. Experts note that new extraction technologies must compete against established industrial methods and the potential emergence of alternative battery technologies, such as sodium-ion batteries, which could alter market navigation. While rising lithium prices may initially benefit new entrants like Rock Zero, market volatility means that the pace of adoption and market behavior is contingent on broader economic factors. The team also aims to extend the application of this technology beyond lithium to other silicate minerals in the future, reflecting the fundamental nature of the Earth’s crust.