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bytecodealliance/endive

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A Bytecode Alliance hosted project

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Contributing

Endive is a JVM native WebAssembly runtime. It allows you to run WebAssembly programs with
zero native dependencies or JNI. Endive can run Wasm anywhere that the JVM can go. It is designed with
simplicity and safety in mind.
Endive is a fork of Chicory by Dylibso, Inc.
We thank Dylibso for the incubation period and their foundational work on this project.

Reach out to us: let us know what you are building with Endive.
Join our Zulip chat.

Get started now with the official documentation
Why?
There are a number of mature Wasm runtimes to choose from to execute a Wasm module.
To name a few v8, wasmtime, wasmer, wasmedge, wazero etc.
Although these can be great choices for running a Wasm application, embedding them into your existing
Java application has some downsides. Because these runtimes are written in C/C++/Rust/etc, they must be distributed
and run as native code. This causes two main friction points:
1. Distribution
If you're distributing a Java library (jar, war, etc), you must now distribute along with it a native object targeting the correct
architecture and operating system. This matrix can become quite large. This eliminates a lot of the simplicity and original benefit of shipping Java code.
2. Runtime
At runtime, you must use FFI to execute the module. When you do, you're effectively escaping the safety and observability of the JVM. Having a pure JVM runtime means all your
security and memory guarantees, and your tools, can stay in place.
Goals

Be the default runtime for Wasm on the JVM
Be as safe as possible
Make it easy to run Wasm in any JVM environment without native code, including very restrictive environments
Fully support the core Wasm spec
Make integration with Java (and other host languages) easy and idiomatic

Roadmap
Endive development builds on years of work started in September 2023 as Chicory.
If you have an interest in working on any of these please reach out in Zulip!
Completed

Wasm binary parser
Simple bytecode interpreter
Generate JUnit tests from wasm test suite
All tests green with the interpreter (correctness)
Validation logic (safety)
v1.0 API (stability and dx)
Decoupled interpreter and compiler "engines"
Build-time compiler passes all the same specs as interpreter
WASIp1 Support (including test gen)
SIMD Support
Tail Call (interpreter and compiler)
Compiler out of experimental
Exception Handling
Threads Support
Extended Constant Expressions
GC support
Multi-Memory Support

Ongoing

Performance
WASIp2 Support

On the press

Chicory: A Zero Dependency Wasm Runtime for the JVM on Java Advent 2023
Chicory - a WebAssembly Interpreter Written Purely in Java with Zero Native Dependencies on InfoQ
Chicory: Write to WebAssembly, Overcome JVM Shortcomings on The New Stack
Meet Chicory, exploit the power of WebAssembly on the server side! by Andrea Peruffo (Devoxx BE 2024)
WebAssembly, the Safer Alternative to Integrating Native Code in Java on InfoQ
Chicory: Creating a Language-Native Wasm Runtime by Benjamin Eckel / Andrea Peruffo (Wasm I/O 2024)
Chicory, a JVM Native WebAssembly Runtime by Benjamin Eckel (Dylibso Insiders)
WebAssembly the ace up the sleeve of your Java and Quarkus apps (Quarkus Insights 206)
The Chicory Photo Album: Celebrating 1.0.0 and a Year of Wasm on Java Advent 2024
Wazero vs Chicory: An In-Depth Comparison Between Two Language-Native Wasm Runtimes by Edoardo Vacchi (FOSDEM 2025)
WASM in the Enterprise: Secure, Portable, and Ready for Business by Andrea Peruffo (QCon London 2025)
A Go CEL Policy Engine in Java, with Quarkus Chicory on Quarkus Blog
Introduction to the Chicory Native JVM WebAssembly Runtime on Baeldung
Bring WebAssembly to the JVM. How Chicory Is Powering a New Generation of Java Libraries on Java Advent 2025
The State of Zero-Dependency Wasm: A 2026 Update from Wazero and Chicory (Wasm I/O 2026)

Prior Art

asmble
kwasm
wazero

Who uses Endive?
See ADOPTERS.md for the full list of organizations and projects using Endive.

About

A JVM native WebAssembly runtime

endive.run/

Topics

java

webassembly

wasm

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Apache-2.0 license

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Shell
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Endive is presented as a JVM native WebAssembly runtime designed to execute WebAssembly programs without relying on any native dependencies or the use of JNI. The project aims to run WebAssembly code within any environment compatible with the Java Virtual Machine, prioritizing simplicity and safety in its design. It is explicitly positioned as a fork of Chicory by Dylibso, Inc., acknowledging their foundational contributions to the development of this technology.

The motivation behind creating Endive stems from the friction points encountered when integrating established WebAssembly runtimes, such as v8, wasmtime, wasmer, and wasmedge, into existing Java applications. These existing runtimes, being implemented in languages like C/C++/Rust, introduce significant challenges regarding distribution and runtime safety. Specifically, distributing a Java library necessitates distributing associated native objects, complicating distribution matrices. Furthermore, utilizing these native runtimes at runtime requires Foreign Function Interfaces (FFI), which compromises the security and observability guarantees inherent in the JVM. Endive seeks to resolve these issues by establishing a pure JVM runtime, ensuring that all security and memory guarantees remain within the JVM context while enabling WebAssembly execution.

The overarching goals for Endive are centered on establishing a superior standard for WebAssembly execution on the JVM. These goals include becoming the default runtime for WebAssembly on the JVM, maximizing safety, enabling the execution of WebAssembly in any JVM environment without requiring native code, ensuring full support for the core WebAssembly specification, and making integration with Java and other host languages idiomatic and easy.

The development roadmap details the progress made in achieving these objectives, building upon work initiated in September 2023. Completed features include the development of a Wasm binary parser, a simple bytecode interpreter, the generation of JUnit tests from Wasm test suites, validation logic for safety, the establishment of a v1.0 API for stability and extensibility, and the creation of decoupled interpreter and compiler engines where build-time compiler passes adhere to the same specifications as the interpreter. Further completed achievements involve support for WASIp1, SIMD, tail calls within both the interpreter and compiler, exception handling, support for threads, extended constant expressions, garbage collection support, and multi-memory support. Ongoing development focuses on performance improvements and the support for WASIp2.

The project leverages a substantial contributor base, with the repository showing a strong focus on the Java language, which accounts for approximately ninety-three point seven percent of the contributors. Endive aims to provide a secure, portable, and integrated solution for leveraging WebAssembly capabilities within the established environment of the JVM ecosystem.