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The Microeconomics of Artificial Intelligence (Open Access)

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The Microeconomics of Artificial Intelligence

By

Joshua Gans

Joshua Gans

Joshua Gans is Professor of Strategic Management and holds the Jeffrey S. Skoll Chair of Technical Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the University of Toronto’s Rotman School of Management. He is the author of The Disruption Dilemma (MIT Press), among other titles, and coauthor of Prediction Machines and Innovation + Equality (MIT Press).

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DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.001.0001

ISBN electronic:
9780262384964

Publication date:
2025

A comprehensive treatment of the microeconomics associated with the adoption and use of artificial intelligence.It is well recognized that recent advances in AI are exclusively advances in statistical techniques for prediction. While this may facilitate automation, this result is secondary to AI’s impact on decision-making. From an economics perspective, predictions have their first-order impacts on the efficiency of decision-making.In The Microeconomics of Artificial Intelligence, Joshua Gans examines AI as prediction that enhances and perhaps enables decision-making, focusing on the impacts that arise within firms or industries rather than broad economy-wide impacts on employment and productivity. He analyzes what the supply and production characteristics of AI are and what the drivers of the demand for AI prediction are. Putting these together, he explores how supply and demand conditions lead to a price for predictions and how this price is shaped by market structure. Finally, from a microeconomics perspective, he explores the key policy trade-offs for antitrust, privacy, and other regulations.

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The Microeconomics of Artificial Intelligence
By: Joshua Gans
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.001.0001
ISBN (electronic): 9780262384964
Publisher: The MIT Press
Published: 2025

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Table of Contents

[ Front Matter ]

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0001

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Preface

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0002

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1: The Economic Impact of AI

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0003

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2: Advances in Machine Learning

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0004

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I: AI Demand

3: The Value of Prediction

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0006

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4: Substitutes for Prediction

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0007

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5: Complements to Prediction

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0008

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6: Automation

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0009

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7: System Effects

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0010

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II: AI Supply

8: Generation of Input Data

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0012

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9: Generation of Training Data

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0013

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III: AI Pricing

10: Pricing with Exogenous Judgment

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0015

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11: Pricing with Endogenous Judgment

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0016

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12: Pricing to a Competitive Market

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0017

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13: Pricing to a Monopoly Market

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0018

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14: Prediction for Negotiations

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0019

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IV: AI Policy

15: Market Power

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0021

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16: Collusion

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0022

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17: Privacy Regulation

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0023

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18: Intellectual Property Rights

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0024

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19: Misinformation

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0025

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20: Bias and Discrimination

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0026

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21: Regulating Adoption

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0027

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22: Behavioral and Social Impacts

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0028

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Notes

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0029

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References

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Index

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https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/15248.003.0031

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Copyright
© 2025 Joshua GansCC BY-NC-NDThe open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding and support from MIT Press Direct to Open
This work is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License
.

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The Microeconomics of Artificial Intelligence by Joshua Gans provides a comprehensive examination of the microeconomic principles associated with the adoption and use of artificial intelligence, shifting the focus from broad economy-wide impacts on employment and productivity to the localized effects within firms and industries. Gans posits that recent advancements in AI are primarily statistical techniques for prediction, but the true economic significance lies in AI's capacity to enhance and enable decision-making. From an economic perspective, predictions exert a first-order impact on decision-making efficiency. The book analyzes the supply and production characteristics of AI and the drivers behind the demand for AI prediction, exploring how these forces interact within specific market structures.

The analysis is structured around key areas concerning demand, supply, pricing, and policy. In the realm of demand, Gans investigates the value of prediction itself, examining the relationship between prediction, its substitutes, its complements, and its role in automation and system effects. This section sets the stage by defining the utility derived from predictive capabilities within an economic context. The supply side is addressed through the processes involved in generating the necessary input data and training data required for AI systems to function.

The book then delves into the complex issue of pricing within the AI market, differentiating between pricing models based on exogenous judgment versus endogenous judgment. Gans explores how predictions are priced in competitive markets versus monopoly markets, and addresses specific applications such as the use of prediction in negotiations. This segment establishes the mechanisms by which economic value is assigned to predictive services depending on the market context.

Finally, the work moves to the policy implications arising from these microeconomic structures. Gans explores critical trade-offs related to antitrust concerns, privacy regulations, intellectual property rights, and addressing societal issues such as misinformation, bias, and discrimination. The book systematically examines how market power and collusion affect AI development and deployment, alongside the necessary regulatory considerations for the adoption of these technologies. Ultimately, the work seeks to establish a microeconomic framework for understanding the structure, value, costs, and regulatory challenges inherent in the diffusion of artificial intelligence within specific economic environments.