Kamal — Deploy web apps anywhere

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Kamal
2.12.0

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Version 2.12.0

Version 1.9.2

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Deploy web apps anywhere.
From bare metal to cloud VMs.

Kamal offers zero-downtime deploys, rolling restarts, asset bridging, remote builds, accessory service management, and everything else you need to deploy and manage your web app in production with Docker. Originally built for Rails apps, Kamal will work with any type of web app that can be containerized.

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Vision
In the past decade+, there’s been an explosion in commercial offerings that make deploying web apps easier. Heroku kicked it off with an incredible offering that stayed ahead of the competition seemingly forever. These days we have excellent alternatives like Fly.io and Render. And hosted Kubernetes is making things easier too on AWS, GCP, Digital Ocean, and elsewhere. But these are all offerings that have you renting computers in the cloud at a premium. If you want to run on your own hardware, or even just have a clear migration path to do so in the future, you need to carefully consider how locked in you get to these commercial platforms. Preferably before the bills swallow your business whole!
Kamal seeks to bring the advance in ergonomics pioneered by these commercial offerings to deploying web apps anywhere. Whether that’s low-cost cloud options without the managed-service markup from the likes of Digital Ocean, Hetzner, OVH, etc, or it’s your own colocated bare metal. To Kamal, it’s all the same. Feed the config file a list of IP addresses with vanilla Ubuntu servers that have seen no prep beyond an added SSH key, and you’ll be running in literally minutes.
This approach gives you enormous portability. You can have your web app deployed on several clouds at ease like this. Or you can buy the baseline with your own hardware, then deploy to a cloud before a big seasonal spike to get more capacity. When you’re not locked into a single provider from a tooling perspective, there are a lot of compelling options available.
Ultimately, Kamal is meant to compress the complexity of going to production using open source tooling that isn’t tied to any commercial offering. Not to zero, mind you. You’re probably still better off with a fully managed service if basic Linux or Docker is still difficult, but as soon as those concepts are familiar, you’ll be ready to go with Kamal.

Why not just run Capistrano, Kubernetes or Docker Swarm?
Kamal basically is Capistrano for Containers, without the need to carefully prepare servers in advance. No need to ensure that the servers have just the right version of Ruby or other dependencies you need. That all lives in the Docker image now. You can boot a brand new Ubuntu (or whatever) server, add it to the list of servers in Kamal, and it’ll be auto-provisioned with Docker, and run right away. Docker’s layer caching also speeds up deployments with less mucking about on the server. And the images built for Kamal can be used for CI or later introspection.
Kubernetes is a beast. Running it yourself on your own hardware is not for the faint of heart. It’s a fine option if you want to run on someone else’s platform, either transparently like Render or explicitly on AWS/GCP, but if you’d like the freedom to move between cloud and your own hardware, or even mix the two, Kamal is much simpler. You can see everything that’s going on, it’s just basic Docker commands being called.
Docker Swarm is much simpler than Kubernetes, but it’s still built on the same declarative model that uses state reconciliation. Kamal is intentionally designed around imperative commands, like Capistrano.
Ultimately, there are a myriad of ways to deploy web apps, but this is the toolkit we’ve used at 37signals to bring HEY and all our other formerly cloud-hosted applications home to our own hardware — without losing the advantages of modern containerization tooling.

Name
Kamal is named after the ancient Arab navigational tool used by sailors to keep course by determining their latitude via the Pole Star. (Kamal was formerly known as MRSK).

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© 2026 37signals

Kamal is a tool designed to facilitate the deployment and management of web applications across various environments, ranging from bare metal hardware to cloud virtual machines. It provides features such as zero-downtime deploys, rolling restarts, asset bridging, remote builds, and accessory service management, all centered around containerization using Docker. Originally developed with Rails applications in mind, Kamal is designed to be applicable to any web application that can be containerized.

The vision behind Kamal addresses the commercial offerings in the deployment space, noting the proliferation of tools like Heroku, Fly.io, and Render, as well as hosted Kubernetes services on platforms like AWS, GCP, and Digital Ocean. The authors argue that while these commercial options simplify deployment, they often involve renting resources at a premium and create vendor lock-in. Kamal seeks to bring the deployment ergonomics pioneered by these commercial offerings to more flexible environments, allowing users to deploy on low-cost cloud options or their own physical hardware without being strictly tied to a single commercial provider. This approach emphasizes enormous portability, enabling users to deploy applications across multiple clouds or mix cloud infrastructure with self-owned hardware, providing flexibility in capacity scaling and future migration paths.

Kamal aims to compress the complexity of production deployment by leveraging open-source tooling that is independent of commercial services. The philosophy is that once basic concepts like Linux and Docker are understood, Kamal provides a simplified path to production management. This approach allows users to deploy by simply providing a list of IP addresses for vanilla Ubuntu servers, which Kamal then auto-provisions with Docker, effectively removing the need for pre-configuring specific dependencies on the servers themselves.

Kamal is positioned as an alternative to existing deployment methodologies. It is presented as Capistrano for Containers, which simplifies the process of deployment without requiring the meticulous pre-preparation of servers for specific dependencies. This contrasts with other tools; while Kubernetes is powerful, it presents a steep learning curve for self-hosting on private hardware. Docker Swarm is simpler but relies on a different operational model. Kamal is intentionally designed around imperative commands, similar to Capistrano, offering a balance between the complexity of managing large orchestration systems and the flexibility of direct command execution.

Ultimately, Kamal provides a toolkit that enables users to deploy web applications on their own hardware or in the cloud without being constrained by proprietary services. This methodology allows users to retain the advantages of modern containerization tooling while gaining the freedom to choose where the infrastructure resides.